1S-2S isotope shift

Due to the differences in their nuclear mass the 1S-2S transition frequencies of hydrogen and deuterium differ by the so-called isotope shift. By comparing the experimentally obtained quantity to theoretical quantum electro-dynamical (QED) calculations one can use the isotope shift to deduce the difference of the mean square charge radii of proton and deuteron.

Further reading:

Parthey, C. G., Matveev, A., Alnis, J., Pohl, R., Udem, Th., Jentschura, U. D., Kolachevsky, N. and Hänsch, T. W. (2010)
Precision Measurement of the Hydrogen-Deuterium 1S-2S Isotope Shift.
Phys. Rev. Lett., 104:233001
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